Standing 700 m (3,000 ft) above sea level, the Iron Gate of Transylvania at the system’s north-eastern end was historically the entrance to Transylvania. Forces of the Roman Empire under Trajan forced a passage through the pass in AD 106, in a battle that ended Dacian independence and decimated the defenders. In 1442 a Transylvanian force under the Hungarian commander János Hunyadi destroyed a far larger Turkish army in the Iron Gate. The dramatic cliffs at the lower end of the gorge system near the border are one of Europe’s most striking natural marvels, though a damming project organized jointly by the Romanian and Yugoslav governments between 1960 and 1972 has reduced the height of the cliffs above the river.Although the English explorer Sir Francis Drake visited the region of San Francisco Bay in 1579 and a scout for the Spanish colonial governor Gaspar de Portolá may have explored as far as the Golden Gate in 1769, the first people of European origin known with certainty to have seen it were a party of soldiers sent by Portolá in 1772. The American explorer John Charles Frémont gave the strait the name Golden Gate in 1846.Golden Gate National Recreation Area, established in 1972 by the National Park Service, extends north and south of the Golden Gate and also includes Alcatraz and Angel islands.Gateshead, borough in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, north-eastern England, on the south bank of the River Tyne opposite Newcastle upon Tyne. First settled in Roman times, it grew in importance under the Saxons, and was awarded a charter c. 1164. The borough’s industrial development began in the 18th century. Gateshead is an industrial centre situated in a former coal-mining region. Its current industries include high technology, food processing, and engineering. Gateshead is also the location of the nation’s first government-sponsored trading estate, the Team Valley, which opened in 1936. Europe’s largest out-of-town retail and leisure complex, the MetroCentre, opened in 1986. The Gateshead International Stadium is the venue for top athletics meetings, often attended by the athlete Steve Cram, who was born in Gateshead. The borough’s arts programme is most controversially exemplified by “Angel of the North”, a steel statue 20 m (65 ft) high and with a automatizari porti of 52 m (169 ft) that was erected overlooking the A1 motorway in late 1997. It is the tallest sculpture in Great Britain. Population (1995 estimate) 201,800.Cable, Electric, cable composed of one or more electric conductors, covered by insulation and sometimes a protective sheath, used for transmitting electric power or the impulses of an electric communications system.For electric-power transmission, three-wire cables sheathed with lead and filled with oil under pressure are employed for high-voltage circuits; secondary distribution lines usually employ insulated single-conductor cables. In residential electric wiring, B-X cable is often used. This type of cable contains two insulated conductors, which are wound with additional layers of insulation and covered with a helically wound strip of metal for protection. The ignition cable used to carry high-voltage current to the spark plugs of an internal-combustion engine is a single-conductor cable; it is covered with cloth impregnated with shellac for insulation.In communications systems, cables commonly consist of numerous pairs of paper-insulated wire, encased in a lead sheath; the individual pairs of wire are intertwined to minimize induced interference with other circuits in the same cable. To avoid electrical interference from external circuits, cables used in radio broadcasting are often shielded with a winding of metal braid, which is grounded. The development of the coaxial cable was an important advance in the communications field. This type of cable consists of several copper tubes; each tube contains a wire conductor that extends along its centre. The entire cable is sheathed in lead and is generally filled with nitrogen under pressure to prevent corrosion. Because the coaxial cable has a broad frequency range, it is valuable in the transmission of carrier-current telephony (see Telephone) and television.Wire, an elongated, flexible metal filament or thin rod that has a uniform cross section. The metals used to make wire are mainly copper, aluminium, steel, brass, iron, gold, silver, and platinum.The diameter of a single-stranded piece of wire is designated by the wire’s gauge number. Gauge numbers of multistranded wire designate the diameter of the entire wire. Various gauges are used for different kinds of wire.The modern process of producing automatizari porti essentially of drawing a metal rod through successively smaller conical holes in tungsten-carbide dies until the desired diameter is obtained. The dies for very fine wires are made of commercial diamonds rigidly set in metal discs. After a certain number of draws, depending on the type of metal, wire becomes hard and brittle and must be annealed (treated by controlled heating and cooling) to restore its flexibility.Wire has many different applications in modern technology and in household use. Until the advent of fibre optics, telephone wires were usually made of copper, which is a good conductor. High-tension electrical transmission lines are made of aluminium wire, which is also a good conductor and is less expensive and lighter in weight than copper wire.The springs used in upholstery and strings for musical instruments are often made of steel wire. Steel is also used in the manufacture of wire cables for suspension bridges and for fences that require high tensile strength. Very fine platinum wire is used in scientific instruments and in small mechanisms such as watch springs. Fine wire is often used as a fuse, which is an electrical safety device that melts and interrupts an overloaded electric circuit. Wire is employed in the manufacture of many products, including rope, netting, screens, wired glass, and jewellery.