The raw skin and hides have to be cleaned by removing the hair and flesh from them to prevent the purification process. Liming process helps in achieving this.

In order to get rid of the hair on the raw skins and hides, as well as to remove the flesh that is underneath the skins, leather industry uses strong lime solutions to dissolve them and rub with sharp knives (for flesh called as adipose layer) and blunt ones (for hair) to clean up.

The middle layer of the skin is called as the Dermis that starts where the epidermis ends. This constitutes to about 60 to 90% of the skin’s thickness and is the most important in deciding what the final leather would look like. This contains hair roots, sweat and fat glands, along with nerve endings and blood vessels to rejuvenate the skin.

The topmost layer of the skin is called as epidermis, which gives the beauty to the ladies and make men ogle upon. This is also important as the pattern of the final leather product is decided by the quality of the initial epidermis.

Even the expert meat providers and butcheries will be extra cautious when it comes to flaying – removing the skin or hide from the dead animals, as even small cuts would reduce the price tremendously. Only the single piece raw materials are considered at higher prices.

In leather technology the smaller area of the outer covering of animals is called as skin, while larger skins are called as hides. However, the exception is that the skin of the wild animals, regardless of their size are called as skins only.

Hunting is an exciting trip in the wild.

In this article of 1979, culled from his diary, the author fondly recalls the memories of a bike ride from Supa to Haliyal in Karnataka, on a moonlit night, through the dense forests.

A brief introduction to the wolf as presented by a Wolf Clan warrior.

Zebra has got many things in common with the horse, donkey, tiger and the like.
Here is a poem about the zebra.